CutoffBridge

Home › NEET PG › Fees › SPM

SPM: fees, stipend and bond

All India Quota · 205 colleges · lowest fee first · closing rank: 2026 R1, GEN

SPM is offered on All India Quota at 205 colleges in MCC NEET PG counselling. The lowest annual fee is ₹1,550 at MGM Med Coll, Jamshedpur and the typical fee is ₹40,000. The highest first-year stipend is ₹1,36,062 a month at University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi. 34 of these colleges have no service bond.

Data last updated , from official MCC seat details. AIQ = All India Quota · GEN = General (unreserved) · AIR = All India Rank

CollegeFee / yearStipend / monthBondBond penaltyClosing rank
MGM Med Coll, JamshedpurJharkhand₹1,550₹70,0003 yr₹30,00,00060,156
RIMS, ImphalManipur₹5,000₹1,09,926No bond––
Patna Med Coll, PatnaBihar₹9,000₹92,8002 yr₹25,00,000–
Nalanda Med Coll, PatnaBihar₹9,000₹92,8002 yr₹25,00,000–
Darbhanga, LehriasaraiBihar₹9,000₹92,8002 yr₹25,00,00056,424
Jawaharlal Nehru, BhagalpurBihar₹9,000₹92,8002 yr₹25,00,000–
Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER) and SSKM Hospital, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00041,631
Nilratan Sircar, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00052,032
Govt. Med College, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00047,517
RG Kar Med Coll, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00056,507
Calcutta National Med CollWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,000–
Burdwan Medical CollegeWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00053,799
NBMC, DarjeelingWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00057,497
Bankura Sammilani Med CollWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00049,710
College of Med & SDH, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,000–
Murshidabad Med CollWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,000–
College of Med & JNM, KalyaniWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,000–
AIIHPH, KolkataWest Bengal₹12,000₹1,15,506No bond–23,283
Diamond Harbour Govt MC, WBWest Bengal₹12,000₹70,3583 yr₹30,00,00057,250
Sawai Man Singh Medical College, JaipurRajasthan₹14,093₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00039,917
SNMC, JodhpurRajasthan₹14,093₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,000–
RNT, UdaipurRajasthan₹14,093₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00047,103
SP Med Coll, BikanerRajasthan₹14,093₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,000–
JLNMC, AjmerRajasthan₹14,093₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00049,375
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, DelhiDelhi₹15,000₹1,20,9651 yr₹20,00,00017,491
Osmania Medical College, HyderabadTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,00018,258
Gandhi Medical College, SecunderabadTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,000–
Kakatiya Med Coll, WarangalTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,00030,007
Rajiv Gandhi IMS, AdilabadTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,00050,012
Govt Med Coll, SiddipetTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, MahabubnagarTelangana₹15,000₹67,0321 yr₹20,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, KotaRajasthan₹15,502₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00051,672
Maulana Azad Medical College, DelhiDelhi₹17,365₹1,32,3361 yr₹20,00,00012,801
Lady Hardinge Medical College, New DelhiDelhi₹17,365₹1,26,9271 yr₹20,00,00023,344
Pt JNM Med Coll, RaipurChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,00053,765
Rajendra IMS, RanchiJharkhand₹20,000₹1,00,7703 yr₹30,00,000–
CIMS, BilaspurChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,000–
Lakhi Ram Agrawal, RaigarhChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,00066,853
Govt Med Coll, AmbikapurChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,000–
BaliramKashyap NDMC, JagdalpurChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,00071,442
Govt Med Coll, RajnandgaonChhattisgarh₹20,000₹85,0502 yr₹50,00,000–
King George’s Medical University, LucknowUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00027,165
MLN Med Coll, AllahabadUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00045,889
RPG, TandaHimachal Pradesh₹24,000₹50,0002 yr₹40,00,00047,572
IGMC, ShimlaHimachal Pradesh₹24,000₹50,0002 yr₹40,00,000–
SN Med Coll, AgraUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00050,441
MLB Med Coll, JhansiUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Shaik-ul-Hind, SaharanpurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00057,856
BRD Med Coll, GorakhpurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00049,066
LLRM Med Coll, MeerutUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00038,574
GSVM Med Coll, KanpurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, AyodhyaUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00052,905
Rajkiya Med Coll, JalaunUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, FirozobadUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00059,898
UP Univ of Med Sci, EtawahUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00056,770
Govt Med Coll, ShahjhanpurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00060,439
MRA Med Coll, AmbedkarnagarUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00069,469
Govt Med Coll, KannaujUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Allopathic Med Coll,BandaUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00061,834
Govt Med Coll, BahraichUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00064,968
Auton. State Med Coll, EtahUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, AzamgarhUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00056,884
Govt Med Coll, Rampur, BastiUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00061,825
Auton. State Med Coll,GhazipurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, BadaunUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Auton.State MedColl,PratapgarhUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Auton. StateMed,SiddharthnagarUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Auton. State Med Coll,MirzapurUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00048,254
Auton. State Med Coll, HardoiUttar Pradesh₹24,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,00049,541
Govt Med Coll, JammuJammu and Kashmir₹25,000₹64,940No bond–50,853
Gauhati Med Coll, GuwahatiAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,000–
Assam Med Coll, DibrugarhAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,00045,393
Jorhat Med Coll, JorhatAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,000–
Tezpur Med Coll, TezpurAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,000–
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, BarpetaAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,00054,948
Lakhimpur Med Coll, LakhimpurAssam₹27,300₹55,2002 yr₹20,00,000–
BJ Medical College, AhmedabadGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–32,010
Andhra Medical College, VisakhapatnamAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–43,800
Medical College, BarodaGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–46,888
MP Shah, JamnagarGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–50,873
SV Med Coll, TirupatiAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–50,723
Kurnool Med Coll, KurnoolAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–41,946
Govt Med Coll, SuratGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–40,052
Guntur Med Coll, GunturAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–52,724
PDU Med Coll, RajkotGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–49,318
Govt Med Coll, BhavnagarGujarat₹30,000₹1,00,800No bond–52,854
Govt Med Coll, AnanthapuramAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–62,904
Govt Siddhartha, VijaywadaAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–52,445
Rangaraya Med Coll, KakinadaAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–28,938
Rajiv Gandhi IMS, OngoleAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–53,566
Rajiv Gandhi IMS, KadapaAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond–33,026
ACSR Medical College, NelloreAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond––
Rajiv Gandhi IMS, SrikakulamAndhra Pradesh₹30,000₹63,864No bond––
Government Medical College & Hospital, ChandigarhChandigarh₹34,500₹1,13,472No bond–26,761
SCB Medical College, CuttackOdisha₹35,000₹93,3982 yr₹69,83,18429,697
Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, LucknowUttar Pradesh₹35,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
MKCG, BerhampurOdisha₹35,000₹93,3982 yr₹69,83,18441,399
VIMSAR, BurlaOdisha₹35,000₹93,3982 yr₹69,83,184–
Govt IMS, KasnaUttar Pradesh₹35,000₹1,10,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, SrinagarJammu and Kashmir₹35,750₹64,940No bond–43,117
Madras Medical College, ChennaiTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,00027,515
Stanley Med Coll, ChennaiTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Madurai Med Coll, MaduraiTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,00026,385
Government Kilpauk Medical College, ChennaiTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam, SalemTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Chengalpattu Med CollTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,000–
Rajah Muthiah, AnnamalainagarTamil Nadu₹40,000₹55,6462 yr₹40,00,00035,158
Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, VaranasiUttar Pradesh₹40,476₹1,12,054No bond–28,185
University College of Medical Sciences, DelhiDelhi₹47,220₹1,36,0621 yr₹20,00,00025,761
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, ImphalManipur₹50,000₹50,0001 yr₹20,00,000–
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, AligarhUttar Pradesh₹54,700₹1,00,000No bond––
Sher-I-Kashmir, SrinagarJammu and Kashmir₹61,000₹89,000No bond–41,691
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, BengaluruKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00022,595
Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, MysuruKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
KIMS, HubliKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Mandya IMS, MandyaKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, BLRKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
VIMS, BellaryKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Hassan IMS, HassanKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00051,165
Shimoga IMS, ShimogaKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00032,162
Belagavi IMS, BelagaviKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00050,111
Gulbarga IMS, GulbargaKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00066,162
KH Patil IMS, GadagKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Raichur IMS, RaichurKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00055,835
Koppal Inst of MS, KoppalKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Bidar IMS, BidarKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Chamrajanagar IMS, KarnatakaKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00052,277
Karwar Inst of Med SciencesKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,000–
Kodagu Inst of Med SciencesKarnataka₹68,400₹56,2503 yr₹50,00,00035,383
Government Medical College, KozhikodeKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, ThrissurKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,000–
Government Medical College, ThiruvananthapuramKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,00020,021
TD Med Coll, AllepeyKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, KottayamKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,00023,812
Govt of Med Sci, PariyaramKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,00030,063
Govt Med Coll, ErnakulamKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,00026,634
Govt Med Coll, KollamKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, PalakkadKerala₹69,470₹57,8761 yr₹50,00,000–
RUHS, JaipurRajasthan₹89,489₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00041,306
Jhalawar Med Coll, JhalawarRajasthan₹89,489₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00054,111
Govt Med Coll, BharatpurRajasthan₹89,489₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,00058,241
Govt Med Coll, ChuruRajasthan₹89,489₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, DungapurRajasthan₹89,489₹88,3202 yr₹25,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, PatialaPunjab₹1,00,000₹76,0002 yr₹20,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, AmritsarPunjab₹1,00,000₹76,0002 yr₹20,00,00051,742
Doon Med Coll, DehradunUttarakhand₹1,00,000₹71,257No bond––
Guru Govind Singh, FaridkotPunjab₹1,00,000₹76,0002 yr₹20,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, HaldwaniUttarakhand₹1,00,000₹71,257No bond––
VCSG Med Coll, Pauri GarhwalUttarakhand₹1,00,000₹76,600No bond–55,854
DrBRAmbedkar State IMS,MohaliPunjab₹1,00,000₹76,0002 yr₹20,00,000–
Gajra Raja Med Coll, GwaliorMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00057,495
Gandhi Medical College, BhopalMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00057,411
MGM Med Coll, IndoreMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00053,760
SSMC, RewaMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00059,138
NSC Bose Med Coll, JabalpurMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00061,765
Bundelkhand Med Coll, SagarMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00062,295
Govt Med Coll, DatiaMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00044,742
Govt Med Coll, RatlamMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,000–
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, VidishaMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00065,701
Govt Med Coll, ChhindwaraMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, KhandwaMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00063,879
Govt Med Coll, ShivpuriMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,000–
Government Med Coll, SatnaMadhya Pradesh₹1,01,500₹81,1261 yr₹10,00,00065,057
IGMC & RI, PondicherryPondicherry₹1,10,000₹43,000No bond–44,201
Pt BD Sharma, RohtakHaryana₹1,25,000₹1,07,712No bond–36,471
BPS Govt Med Coll, SonepatHaryana₹1,25,000₹1,07,712No bond–40,270
SHKM, NalharHaryana₹1,25,000₹1,07,712No bond––
Goa Med Coll, PanajiGoa₹1,28,648₹80,0001 yr₹50,00,000–
Agartala Med Coll, AgartalaTripura₹1,50,000₹55,2001 yr₹35,00,000–
IGIMS, PatnaBihar₹1,60,000₹1,22,878No bond––
GovtMedColl,ChhatrapatiSambhajiNgrMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00053,881
Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Hospital, MumbaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00044,130
Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, MumbaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00032,261
Lokmanya Tilak, Sion, MumbaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00042,318
Grant Government Medical College, MumbaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00040,087
Govt Med Coll, NagpurMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00048,628
BJ Government Medical College, PuneMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, AkolaMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, NagpurMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00036,695
Pimpri Chinchwad, PimpriMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
HBT & RN Cooper, MumbaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, MirajMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00050,237
Rajarshee CSM Govt MC,KolhapurMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, JalgaonMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00053,576
VMMC, SolapurMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Rajiv Gandhi MC & CSMH, ThaneMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00037,584
Govt Med Coll, NandedMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00029,805
Govt Med Coll, LaturMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
SRTT, AmbajogaiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00063,860
Shri VR Naik Govt, YavatmalMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, ChandrapurMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00056,394
Govt Med Coll, GondiaMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00063,562
Govt Med Coll, BaramatiMaharashtra₹1,67,300₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,000–
SVIMS, TirupatiAndhra Pradesh₹1,75,000₹96,9511 yr₹40,00,00041,307
ESIC Med Coll, FaridabadHaryana₹2,50,000₹1,15,8532 yr₹10,00,000–
ESIC Med Coll,Sanath NagarTelangana₹2,50,000₹1,30,6532 yr₹10,00,00033,014
ESI, BangaloreKarnataka₹2,50,000₹1,14,0162 yr₹10,00,00035,986
ESI PGIMSR, KK Nagar, ChennaiTamil Nadu₹2,50,000₹1,15,5062 yr₹10,00,00024,871
ESI, Joka, KolkataWest Bengal₹2,50,000₹1,00,9802 yr₹10,00,00037,141
ESIC Med Coll,GulbargaKarnataka₹2,50,000₹1,14,0162 yr₹10,00,000–
ESIC Med Coll, AlwarRajasthan₹2,50,000₹1,15,8532 yr₹10,00,00039,478
NAMO MERI Govt MedColl,SilvassaDadra and Nagar Haveli₹7,00,000₹43,000No bond––
MGIMS, WardhaMaharashtra–₹94,3511 yr₹50,00,00044,467
Tomo Riba IHMS, NaharlagunArunachal Pradesh––2 yr₹50,00,000–
Govt Med Coll, NahanHimachal Pradesh–––––

Frequently asked questions

Which college has the lowest fee for SPM?

On All India Quota, the lowest annual fees for SPM are at MGM Med Coll, Jamshedpur (₹1,550), RIMS, Imphal (₹5,000), Patna Med Coll, Patna (₹9,000), Nalanda Med Coll, Patna (₹9,000), Darbhanga, Lehriasarai (₹9,000).

Which college pays the highest stipend for SPM?

The highest first-year monthly stipends are at University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi (₹1,36,062), Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi (₹1,32,336), ESIC Med Coll,Sanath Nagar (₹1,30,653), Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi (₹1,26,927), IGIMS, Patna (₹1,22,878).

Which SPM colleges have no bond?

34 colleges list no service bond: RIMS, Imphal, AIIHPH, Kolkata, Govt Med Coll, Jammu, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Medical College, Baroda, MP Shah, Jamnagar, SV Med Coll, Tirupati and more (see the table).

What rank do the low-fee SPM colleges need?

In 2026 R1 (AIQ, GEN), MGM Med Coll, Jamshedpur closed at AIR 60,156; Darbhanga, Lehriasarai closed at AIR 56,424; Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER) and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata closed at AIR 41,631; Nilratan Sircar, Kolkata closed at AIR 52,032; Govt. Med College, Kolkata closed at AIR 47,517.

All India Quota MD/MS seats. Fee is per year and stipend is per month in the first year, as listed in MCC's seat details for NEET PG counselling. Bond = years of service you agree to after the course; the penalty is what you pay if you leave early. Colleges and states revise these figures: confirm on the college's or MCC's website before choice filling.